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Stress-induced performance change in electron packaging architecture is a major concern when the keep-out zone (KOZ) and corresponding integration density of interconnect systems and transistor devices are considered. In this study, a finite element analysis (FEA)-based submodeling approach is demonstrated to analyze the stress-affected zone of through-silicon via (TSV) and its influences on a planar metal oxide semiconductor field transistor (MOSFET) device. The feasibility of the widely adopted analytical solution for TSV stress-affected zone estimation, Lamé radial stress solution, is investigated and compared with the FEA-based submodeling approach. Analytic results reveal that the Lamé stress solution overestimates the TSV-induced stress in the concerned device by over 50%, and the difference in the estimated results of device performance between Lamé stress solution and FEA simulation can reach 22%. Moreover, a silicon–germanium-based lattice mismatch stressor is designed in a silicon p-type MOSFET, and its effects are analyzed and compared with those of TSV residual stress. The S/D stressor dominates the stress status of the device channel. The demonstrated FEA-based submodeling approach is effective in analyzing the stress impact from packaging and device-level components and estimating the KOZ issue in advanced electronic packaging.

Maintenance of homeostasis is one of the most important physiological responses for animals upon osmotic perturbations. Ionocytes of branchial epithelia are the major cell types responsible for active ion transport, which is mediated by energy-consuming ion pumps (e.g., Na -K -ATPase, NKA) and secondary active transporters. Consequently, in addition to osmolyte adjustments, sufficient and immediate energy replenishment is essenttableial for acclimation to osmotic changes. In this study, we propose that glutamate/glutamine catabolism and trans-epithelial transport of nitrogenous waste may aid euryhaline teleosts Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) during acclimation to osmotic changes. Glutamate family amino acid contents in gills were increased by hyperosmotic challenge along an acclimation period of 72 hours. This change in amino acids was accompanied by a stimulation of putative glutamate/glutamine transporters (Eaats, Sat) and synthesis enzymes (Gls, Glul) that participate in regulating glutamate/glutamine cycling in branchial epithelia during acclimation to hyperosmotic conditions. In situ hybridization of glutaminase and glutamine synthetase in combination with immunocytochemistry demonstrate a partial colocalization of olgls1a and olgls2 but not olglul with Na /K -ATPase-rich ionocytes. Also for the glutamate and glutamine transporters colocalization with ionocytes was found for oleaat1, oleaat3, and olslc38a4, but not oleaat2. Morpholino knock-down of Sat decreased Na flux from the larval epithelium, demonstrating the importance of glutamate/glutamine transport in osmotic regulation. In addition to its role as an energy substrate, glutamate deamination produces NH , which may contribute to osmolyte production; genes encoding components of the urea production cycle, including carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), were upregulated under hyperosmotic challenges. Based on these findings the present work demonstrates that the glutamate/glutamine cycle and subsequent transepithelial transport of nitrogenous waste in branchial epithelia represents an essential component for the maintenance of ionic homeostasis under a hyperosmotic challenge.

In glass interposer architecture and its assembly process, the mechanical responses of interposer structure under thermocompression process-induced thermal loading and generated shrinkage of molding material are regarded as a major reliability issue. Thousands of metal-filled via are involved in glass interposers and are regarded as a potential risk that can lead to cracking and the failure of an entire vehicle. In this study, a finite element-based submodeling approach is demonstrated to overcome the complexity of modeling and the relevant convergence issue of interposer architecture. Convergence analysis results revealed that at least four via pitch-wide regions of a local simulation model were needed to obtain the stable results enabled by the submodeling simulation approach. The stress-generation mechanism during thermocompression, the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, and the curing process-induced shrinkage were separately investigated. The critical stress location was explored as the outer corner of the chip, and the maximum first principal stress during the thermocompression process generated on the chip and glass interposer were 34 and 120 MPa, respectively.

A series of sterically encumbered, sulfonated, alternating poly(arylene ether) copolymers were synthesized so as to compare the effects of incorporating ketone and sulfone groups on the proton conductivity and performance of fuel cells of membranes prepared. Therefore, the polymers were prepared by polymerization of 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone or bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone with a novel monomer, 2′′,3′′,5′′,6′′-tetraphenyl-[1,1′:4′,1′′:4′′,1′′′:4′′′,1′′′′-quinquephenyl]-4,4′′′′-diol. Subsequent sulfonation and solution casting provided membranes possessing ion exchange capacities ranging from 2.1 to 2.8 mmol g −1 . The water uptake of sulfonated polymers increased with increasing IEC, ranging from 68 to 146 % at 80 °C in water compared with 30 % for N117. Proton conductivities ranged between 3 and 17 mS cm −1 at 30 °C/40 % RH, and 88 and 263 mS cm −1 at 80 °C/95 % RH compared with 10 and 100 mS cm −1 for N117, respectively. The proton mobilities ranged between 76.6 × 10 5  cm 2  V −1  S −1 and 170.4 × 10 5  cm 2  V −1  S −1 at 80 °C, greater than that of N117. No substantial difference is observed between membrane prepared from polymers incorporating ketone and analogous membranes incorporating sulfone groups, thus inferring that ketone and sulfone groups in the polymer main chain do not appear to have any discernible difference upon membrane properties.

Wearable assistant devices play an important role in daily life for people with disabilities. Those who have hearing impairments may face dangers while walking or driving on the road. The major danger is their inability to hear warning sounds from cars or ambulances. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop a wearable assistant device with edge computing, allowing the hearing impaired to recognize the warning sounds from vehicles on the road. An EfficientNet-based, fuzzy rank-based ensemble model was proposed to classify seven audio sounds, and it was embedded in an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense development board. The audio files were obtained from the CREMA-D dataset and the Large-Scale Audio dataset of emergency vehicle sirens on the road, with a total number of 8756 files. The seven audio sounds included four vocalizations and three sirens. The audio signal was converted into a spectrogram by using the short-time Fourier transform for feature extraction. When one of the three sirens was detected, the wearable assistant device presented alarms by vibrating and displaying messages on the OLED panel. The performances of the EfficientNet-based, fuzzy rank-based ensemble model in offline computing achieved an accuracy of 97.1%, precision of 97.79%, sensitivity of 96.8%, and specificity of 97.04%. In edge computing, the results comprised an accuracy of 95.2%, precision of 93.2%, sensitivity of 95.3%, and specificity of 95.1%. Thus, the proposed wearable assistant device has the potential benefit of helping the hearing impaired to avoid traffic accidents.

Background/Aims: Hyperglycemia and hyperuricemia are two major disorders of Metabolic syndrome. Kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of uric acid and glucose. The aim of the study was to examine the changes of renal glucose and uric acid transporters in animals with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high fructose diet (60%) for 3 months (FR-3) and 5 months (FR-5). At the end study, serum and urine biochemical data were compared. Gene expression and protein abundance of renal GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT9, SGLT1, SGLT2, UAT and URAT1 was investigated by using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Metabolic syndrome was induced by high-fructose diet. Systolic blood pressure and proteinuria was significantly increased in FR-5 animals. In kidney tissue, gene expression of GLUT2 and SGLT2 increased significantly in a time dependent manner. GLUT9, SGLT1 and UAT were also significantly upregulated in FR-5. Immunohistochemical study showed a significant increase of SGLT1 in both FR-3 (413.5 ± 88.3% of control, p< 0.001) and FR-5 (677.6 ± 26.5% of control, p< 0.001). Also, SGLT2 protein was increased in both FR-3 (643.1 ± 41.3% of control, p< 0.001) and FR-5 (563.3 ± 21.7% of control, p< 0.001). Fructose rich food also induced increase of UAT by nearly 5-fold in both FR-3 and FR-5 (both p< 0.05) and more than 3-fold of GLUT-9 in FR-3 and FR-5 (both p< 0.05). Conclusion: Long term high fructose diet induced metabolic syndrome with increased blood pressure and proteinuria in rats. Metabolic syndrome was associated with dual increase in renal glucose and uric acid transporters, including SGLT1, SGLT2, GLUT2, GLUT9 and UAT.

This research reviews the application of computational mechanics on the properties of nano/micro scaled thin films, in which the application of different computational methods is included. The concept and fundamental theories of concerned applications, material behavior estimations, interfacial delamination behavior, strain engineering, and multilevel modeling are thoroughly discussed. Moreover, an example of an interfacial adhesion estimation is presented to systematically estimate the related mechanical reliability issue in the microelectronic industry. The presented results show that the peeled mode fracture is the dominant delamination behavior of layered material system, with high stiffness along the bonding interface. However, the shear mode fracture being dominated as the polymer cover plate with low moduli is considered. The occurrence of crack advance is also significantly influenced by the interfacial crack length and applied loading. Therefore, this paper could serve as a guideline of several engineering cases with the assistance of computational mechanics.

The multi-chiplet technique is expected to be a promising solution to achieve high-density system integration with low power consumption and high usage ratio. This technique can be integrated with a glass interposer to accomplish a competitive low fabrication cost compared with the silicon-based interposer architecture. In this study, process-oriented stress simulation is performed by the element activation and deactivation technique in finite element analysis architecture. The submodeling technique is also utilized to mostly conquer the scale mismatch and difficulty in mesh gridding design. It is also used to analyze the thermomechanical responses of glass interposers with chiplet arrangements and capped epoxy molding compounds (EMC) during curing. A three-factor, three-level full factorial design is applied using the analysis of variance method to explore the significance of various structural design parameters for stress generation. Analytic results reveal that the maximum first principal stresses of 130.75 and 17.18 MPa are introduced on the sidewall of Cu-filled via and the bottom of the glass interposer, respectively. Moreover, the EMC thickness and through glass via pitch are the dominant factors in the adopted vehicle. They significantly influence the stress magnitude during heating and cooling.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is extensively used for chemotherapy in different types of cancer, but its use is limited to because of its cardiotoxicity. Our previous studies found that doxorubicin-induced insulin-like growth factor II receptor (IGF-IIR) accumulation causes cardiomyocytes apoptosis via down-regulation of HSF1 pathway. In these studies, we demonstrated a new mechanism through which anthocyanin protects cardiomyoblast cells against doxorubicin-induced injury. We found that anthocyanin decreased IGF-IIR expression via estrogen receptors and stabilized heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) to inhibit caspase 3 activation and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, the phytoestrogen from plants has been considered as another potential treatment for heart failure. It has been reported that the natural compound anthocyanin (ACN) has the ability to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we demonstrated that anthocyanin acts as a cardioprotective drug against doxorubicin-induced heart failure by attenuating cardiac apoptosis via estrogen receptors to stabilize HSF1 expression and down-regulated IGF-IIR-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

The suitability of stacked thin films for next-generation display technology was analyzed based on their properties and geometrical designs to evaluate the mechanical reliability of transparent conducting thin films utilized in flexural displays. In general, the high bending stress induced by various operation conditions is a major concern regarding the mechanical reliability of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates; mechanical reliability is commonly used to estimate the flexibility of displays. However, the pattern effect is rarely investigated to estimate the mechanical reliability of ITO/PET films. Thus, this study examined the flexible content of patterned ITO/PET films with two different line widths by conducting bending tests and sheet resistance measurements. Moreover, a stress-strain simulation enabled by finite element analysis was performed on the patterned ITO/PET to explore the stress impact of stacked film structures under various levels of flexural load. Results show that the design of the ITO/PET film can be applied in developing mechanically reliable flexible electronics.